OBJECTIVES & QUESTIONS
Introduction
What are SI units?
- SI stands for the ‘Système lnternational (SI) D’Unités’, which translates from the French as the ‘International System of Units’
- There are three types of SI units:
- Base SI units
- Based on metric units with the decimal system
- Definitions are based upon “constants” of physical sciences
- Definitions not static and undergo frequent evolution – the latest change was in 2019
- The need to create highly accurate and precise definitions has led to very complex definitions
- Supplementary SI units:
- Used along with base units to form the derived SI units
- Contains only two, purely geometric units, the unit of plane angle (the radian) and the unit of solid angle (the steradian)
- Derived SI units:
- Obtained through equations containing the seven base units and supplementary units
- Base SI units
Why are SI units relevant to anaesthesia?
- Adopted to overcome the use of diverse and inconsistently applied units and quantities that had developed in medicine
- Allows increased ease of communication and avoidance of errors and misunderstandings
Base SI Units
What are the base SI units and how are they defined?
Unit
Unit Symbol
Base Measure
Physical Constant
Definition
Second
s
Time
Hyperfine transition frequency of caesium (ΔνCs)
The time taken by 9,192,631,770 oscillations of the light emitted by a caesium-133 atom
Metre
m
Length
Speed of light (c)
The length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second
Mole
mol
Amount of Substance
Avagadro's constant - a value of 6.02214076 × 1023
The amount of substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in 0.012 kg (12 g) of carbon-12, which isequal to Avagadro's dumber
Ampere
A
Electric Current
Elementary charge (e) - the charge of a single proton
Defined by taking the elementary charge e to be a fixed numerical value of 1.602176634×10 A⋅s
Candela
cd
Luminous Intensity
Luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012 Hz (Kcd)
Defined by taking the fixed numerical value of Kcd, to be 683 expressed in the units cd⋅sr⋅kg–1⋅m–2⋅s3
Kilogram
kg
Mass
Plancks Constant (h) - relationship between a photons energy and frequency
Defined by taking Plancks constant (h) to be a fixed numerical value of 6.62607015×10−34 m2⋅kg⋅s–1
Kelvin
K
Temperature
Boltzmann's Constant (k) - relationship between a particles kinetic energy and temperature
Defined by taking the Boltzmann constant k to be a fixed numerical value of 1.380649×10−23 kg⋅m2⋅s–2⋅K–1)
Memory Tip
Can be remembered by the acronym ‘SMMACKK’
S econd
M etre
M ole
A mpere
C andela
K ilogram
K elvin
How has the definition of an kilogram changed?
- Until 2019 the kilogram was defined as “the mass equal to the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK), a platinum-iridium rod housed at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sevres, France”
- This was changed to create a definition based on a physical constant in line with the other base SI units
How has the definition of an ampere changed?
- Until 2019 the ampere was defined as “the constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed one metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2×10−7 newtons per metre of length“
- This was changed to create a definition based on a physical constant in line with the other base SI units
What volume does one mole of a substance occupy at standard temperature and pressure?
- One mole of any gas at STP occupies a volume of 22.4L
What is standard temperature and pressure?
- As the volume of gases are greatly affected by changes in temperature and pressure it is important to specify these at which any measurement of volume is made
- It is often useful to correct results to standard temperature and pressure:
Standard Temperature = 273.15 K (0⁰C)
Standard Pressure = 100 kPa (1 Bar)
Derived SI Units
What are the derived SI units?
- Derived SI units are units obtained through equations containing the seven base units
- Thus, they allow any physical quantity to be expressed in terms of SI units
What are the commonly used derived SI units and how are they defined?
Unit
Unit Symbol
Base Measure
Base Units
Definition
Hertz
Hz
Frequency
s−1
The frequency of one cycle per second
Newton
N
Force
kg.m.s−2
The force required to give 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second per second
Pascal
Pa
Pressure
N.m−2
The pressure of 1 Newton per square metre
Joule
J
Energy or Work
N.m
The energy expended when the point of application of a force of 1 Newton moves 1 metre in the direction of the force
Watt
W
Power
J.s−1
1 joule per second
Volt
V
Electrical Potential
kg⋅m2⋅s-3⋅A−1
The difference of electrical potential between two points of a conductor carrying a constant current of 1 ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is 1 watt
Ohm
Ω
Electrical Resistance
kg⋅m2⋅s−3⋅A−2
The resistance when one volt is applied across a conductor and produces a current of 1 ampere
Coulomb
Q
Charge
s⋅A
The quantity of electricity transported in one second by a current of 1 ampere
Farad
F
Capacitance
kg−1⋅m−2⋅s4⋅A2
The capacitance if a potential difference of 1 volt is present across its plates, when a charge of 1 coulomb is held by them.
Henry
H
Inductance
kg⋅m2⋅s−2⋅A−2
The inductance in a circuit when an electric current that is changing at 1 ampere per second results in an electromotive force of 1 volt across the inductor:
Weber
Wb
Magnetic Flux
kg⋅s−2⋅A−1
The magnetic flux that, linking a circuit of one turn, would produce in it an electromotive force of 1 volt if it were reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second
Tesla
T
Magnetic Flux Density
kg⋅m2⋅s−2⋅A−1
The magnetic flux density equal to 1 weber per square metre
Prefixes
What are the SI metric prefixes?
- Used to indicate multiples or fractions of a unit
- Based on the decimal system – represent multiples of 10
- Standardised for use in the international system of units
- Units still considered to be SI units when given a prefix
Which SI prefixes are used in modern practice?
Prefix Name
Prefix Symbol
Base 10
English Word
yotta
Y
1024
septillion
zetta
Z
1021
sextillion
exa
E
1018
quintillion
peta
P
1015
quadrillion
tera
T
1012
trillion
giga
G
109
billion
mega
M
106
million
kilo
k
103
thousand
hecto
h
102
hundred
deca
da
101
ten
100
one
deci
d
10−1
tenth
centi
c
10−2
hundredth
milli
m
10−3
thousandth
micro
μ
10−6
millionth
nano
n
10−9
billionth
pico
p
10−12
trillionth
femto
f
10−15
quadrillionth
atto
a
10−18
quintillionth
zepto
z
10−21
sextillionth
yocto
y
10−24
septillionth
Non-SI Units
Which non-SI units are recognised by the System International (SI)?
- A number of units are recognised by the SI despite not being true SI units
- Often found in anaesthesia due to ease of use
- Important to understand how they relate to true SI units
Unit
Unit Symbol
Base Measure
SI Unit
Conversion to SI Unit
minute
min
Time
s
x 60
hour
h
Time
s
x 3600
litre
l
Volume
m3
x 10–3
bar
bar
Pressure
kPa
x 100
pounds per square inch (PSI)
lb.inch−2
Pressure
kPa
x 6.895
atmosphere
atm
Pressure
kPa
x 101.325
centigrade
°C
Temperature
K
+273.15
