- Pneumothorax:
- In any ventilated patient
- Tension pneumothorax after initial needle
relief - Persistent or recurrent pneumothorax
after simple aspiration - Large secondary spontaneous pneumothorax
- Malignant pleural effusion
- Empyema and complicated parapneumonic
pleural effusion - Traumatic haemo-pneumothorax
- Postoperative (for example, thoracotomy, oesophagectomy, cardiac surgery)
