- Small volume of distribution (<11/kg)
- Low degree of protein-binding
- High water solubility
- Low molecular weight:
- Only smaller molecules (up to 500 Da) are cleared by hemodialysis
- Up to a maximum 40 kDa can be cleared by hemofiltration
- Low endogenous clearance (<4 ml/min/kg)
- Extraction ratio exceeding endogenous elimination
