Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Renal System & Electrolytes Central Nervous System Musculoskeletal System Acidosis Decreased cardiac output due to direct myocardial depressionParticularly marked at pH <7.0 as compensatory effect of catecholamines...
The liver can metabolise ammonia (NH3) via three pathways The degree to which each pathway is used depends upon pH and the need for bicarbonate to be preserved or produced: Urea Production(Ureagenesis) Glutamine Production Upstream hepatocytes convert ammonia to urea...
Can be metabolised via two mechanisms: Oxidation to water and CO2 (70% in health) Gluconeogenesis (30% in health) Both mechanisms consume a Hydrogen ion (H+) and thus have an alkalinising effect Mechanisms can be used to clear acid in critical illness: Infusion of...
1 Location Predominantly occurs in the distal convoluted tubules Process Glutamine is converted by tubular cells to form ammonia ( NH3) and glutamic acidAmmonia diffuses into the tubular lumen and combines with H+ to form ammonium ions (NH4+)Can accompany negatively...
