Which sites can be used for IO access in children and adults?

  • In adults, the recommended first-line insertion site is the proximal humerus
  • It carries the advantages of:
    • Fast flow rates (5L/hour)
    • Lower insertion and infusion pain
  • Sternal insertion is not routinely recommended due to risk of serious complications (fracture, haemothorax, and cardiac / large-vessel injury)
  • Possible sites for insertion include:
Adults
  • Proximal Humerus (first line)
  • Proximal Tibia
  • Distal Tibia
Children
  • Distal Femur
  • Proximal Tibia
  • Distal Tibia