Can be considered according to Virchow’s triad:
Venous Stasis
- Prolonged bed rest 1
- Prolonged air travel (>8 hours) 1
- Fracture of lower limbs 1
- Hip or knee replacement 1
- Spinal cord replacement 1
- Varicose veins 1
Hypercoagulability
- Malignancy (particularly metastatic disease 1)
- Infection 1(specifically pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and HIV)
- Specific thrombotic conditions 1:
- Previous venous thrombosis 1
- Factor V Leiden mutation
- Protein C or S deficiency
- Hyperhomocysteinemia
- Antithrombin III deficiency
- Antiphospholipid antibodies
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
- High levels of factor VIII
- Nephrotic syndrome 1
- Inflammatory bowel disease 1
- Pregnancy 1
- Drugs:
- Hormone replacement therapy 1
- Oral contraceptives 1
- Tamoxifen 1
- Chemotherapy 1
- Heart failure or respiratory failure 1
- Increasing age 1
- Obesity 1
Endothelial Injury
- Major surgical procedures 1
- Trauma 1
- Prior venous thrombosis
- Venous catheters 1
- Smoking 1
- Hypertension 1