List 3 non-pharmacological strategies to reduce the risk of PONV?

Pharmacological
  • Anti-emetic drugs:
    • Serotonin (5-HT3 receptor) antagonists
    • Corticosteroids
    • Butyrephenone
    • Neurokinin (NK1) antagonists
    • Anticholinergics
    • Dopamine antagonists
    • Propofol
  • Modification of anaesthetic technique:
    • TIVA
    • Avoidance of volatiles and nitrous oxide
    • Avoidance of neostigmine reversal
  • Minimization of opioid use
Non-Pharmacological
  • Preoperative and intraoperative fluid therapy1
  • Regional techniques (opioid sparing)1
  • Acupuncture1
  • Minimization of anaesthesia & surgery length1