Give 5 immediate complications that may arise with the procedure of cannulating the subclavian vein?

Due to Needle
  • Pleural puncture:
    • Pneumothorax 1
    • Haemothorax 1
    • Intrapleural placement of the line 1
  • Carotid artery puncture
    • Intimal dissection
    • Emboli
    • Flow obstruction and cerebral infarction
  • Local haematoma of neck
  • Nerve injury:
    • Vagus Nerve 1
    • Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve 1
    • Sympathetic tract - Horner's syndrome 1
    • Phrenic nerve 1
    • Brachial plexus 1
  • Thyroid puncture
  • Thoracic duct puncture (low, left-sided approach) 1
Due to Line
  • Arrhythmias following line insertion 1
  • Air embolism 1
  • Guidewire embolisation 1
  • Infection:
    • Localised
    • Bloodstream
  • Vessel stenosis
  • Thrombosis
  • Cardiac tamponade following erosion of vessel wall by line tip
  • Subclavian vein cannulation
  • Microshock