Cardiac arrest
  • Need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation 1
Obstructive shock
  • Systolic BP <90 mmHg or vasopressors required to achieve a BP ≥90 mmHg despite adequate filling status 1
    and
  • End-organ hypoperfusion (altered mental status; cold, clammy skin; oliguria/anuria; increased serum lactate)
Persistent hypotension
  • Systolic BP <90 mmHg1 or systolic BP drop ≥40 mmHg 1lasting longer than 15 min and not caused by new-onset arrhythmia, hypovolaemia, or sepsis